No, what you ask is simply not possible - given that you mean the usual things by "mount" and "incremental".
An unmounted, encrypted volume is in simple terms roughly indistinguishable from a bunch of random bytes. There's no way to tell from this volume alone whether any block of data is "changed" or not.
You can definitely copy the data from one drive to the other. That's just a question of doing a bit-for-bit copy using a program such as the built-in dd command in macOS.
If you bend the usual understanding of working with non-mounted disks - and imagine a program that would decrypt the volume (given you had the password), parse the file system, and use timestamps, snapshots or another method of finding the changes and map those back to the source bytes - then yes, theoretically you could create such a tool. However at that point you could just as well have mounted the drive.
You could also bend the usual understanding of incremental backups - and imagine a program that reads through all of the source drive while reading through all of the destination drive - and then copy over only what has been changed. It would be almost trivial to make, but I don't recall any macOS program doing this. On Linux you could use programs such as diskrsync and Bscp to do this - although both are build to transfer the disk to a remote computer, you could have both the local and remote computer be the same. I don't know if these programs can be compiled and successfully used on macOS, but if you want to build your own tool, you could do it by porting over diskrsync.
This would make sense if you have a drive where reads are fast and writes are slow. It would stil be a very slow proces compared to usual incremental backup tools, such as for example Time Machine, where the set of changes can be calculated quickly by looking at the source volume only.
There are other tools out there for cloning disks and trying to make that process faster. For example the partclone_apfs program makes it possible to clone APFS file systems from disk to disk - copying only the blocks that actually contain data. If the volume has a lot of free disk space when mounted, this will speed the process up considerably. However, it does not work for encrypted volumes.
Finally, you could imagine up solutions that worked by tracking changes using snapshots on the local drive. As that would mean modifying the drive you're trying to clone, this would usually not be an option.
