Update: I ended up getting my laptops logic board and touch ID board replaced under warranty. I suspect that these issues I saw may have been caused by a defective T2 chip, given the panic message and some googling, but it's impossible to say for sure. We'll see if things improve for me (and if they do, I'll likely forget to update this question).

I do not know if my Mac is bound to a directory service nor how to check. When I "registered" my Mac with IT, their scripts installed JAMF and a bunch of config profiles and stuff. I do log in with a locally set password, not my active directory password.

The reinstall did not wipe the drive, just the operating system. It left all my data in place.

I tried that and it didn't work. I've also tried resetting the PRAM and reinstalling the OS based on the recommendations of my comany's IT department. That didn't help either.

@user3052786 I tried one way, holding down some keys at startup. I didn't know there were two ways. Can you tell me both ways so I can try the other?