After installing ImageMagick (preferably with HomeBrew), run this Terminal command:
convert in.jpg +profile "icc" out.jpg
where in.jpg is your source image and out.jpg is what you want to name your new image. This command strips the icc profile (but keeps all others) from in.jpg.
To see what profiles an image has, you can inspect an image with ImageMagick too:
identify -verbose in.jpg
The profiles are under the "Profiles:" section of the output string. Some common profiles are (your numbers may vary)
Profile-8bim: 40 bytes
Profile-exif: 1788 bytes
Profile-icc: 30240 bytes
Profile-iptc: 0 bytes
Profile-xmp: 2547 bytes