I used to do this all the time. For example, I'd search for "blue house" (two words, with double quotes) and it would find the text "the blue house on the corner", but not "paint the house green and blue".
Lately it doesn't work. Did they remove the feature? Any way to get it back? I think it stopped working in macOS 12, but at the moment I'm on 13.0 Ventura. (Preview 11.0)
the blue house
but notthe blue and green house
in a PDF document via Preview using double quotes, i.e. "blue house", in the search window.