So, PDF's carry with them the ability to embed a font file in the PDF itself. The glyphs you're attempting to render within the programs you have listed clearly are not present/selected for in those applications (VSC as a for-instance, allows one to set the font they wish to code in).
If the font you have selected omits these characters, you get the blocks (which are referred to as "tofu" internally at Apple). Apple has done their best at a SystemUI level to prevent this from happening (if you've ever wondered what all those noto
- e.g. Noto Sans - fonts that come pre-installed, they're glyph libraries. noto == NoTo == No Tofu).
Pick a font you KNOW contains the glyphs that are tofu'd out, use it in your editor panel in VSC, then report back.
EDIT 1: You can get instructions for how to download the fonts using the inbuilt fontbook app here
EDIT 2: Also, I have a secondary solution for you. Open your character viewer (On a keyboard with a 🌐, you can press that key to bring up the viewer, OR Press Command-Control-Space.)
Scroll down until you see Unicode. Select it. In the following panel, scroll until you see Tamil. Select IT. Finally, click a glyph. You'll see different stylings of said glyph in the rightmost panel. Clicking any will tell you the name of the font that supports it.