The latest drives for your model Mac are contained in the Boot Camp Support Software 40.4033 download. This is downloaded as a zip file and therefore does not contain a Bootcamp ESD. Windows on your model Mac should be installed to BIOS boot. This will require the internal installation drive that is MBR or hybrid partitioned. Since Boot Camp Support Software does not contain a $WinPEDriver$
folder there are no drivers to load during the Windows installation. To install the Boot Camp software and any appropriate drivers after completing the Windows installation, see this question.
You have indicated that you can boot from a Windows installation USB flash drive. In order to use the Windows installer GUI to install a BIOS booting Windows 10, you have to be able to BIOS boot from the flash drive. This means you need to select the external drive icon labeled Windows
from the Mac Startup Manager when booting from the Windows installer flash drive. If you are EFI booting from the Windows installer flash drive, then you can not use the GUI to install a BIOS booting Windows 10 to the internal drive. However you can use the CLI to install a BIOS booting Windows 10.