How to install Windows 10 into a 2011 iMac without using the Boot Camp Assistant, an optical (DVD) drive or third party tools?

Question

Note the following regarding user TAbdiukov's question which has a links to this question.

This question is about installing Windows 10 on 2011 iMac to achieve a macOS High Sierra / Windows 10 dual boot arrangement. You may be able to adapt my answer to work with a different 2011 or older Macs, if the Mac has received the firmware update which allows booting from ExFAT volumes. The 2011 iMac, used to test my answer, received this firmware update when High Sierra was installed. Also I make no claim that my answer will work with any Linux releases or any Windows versions other than 64 bit Windows 10.

Note the following regarding fdmillion's answer to this question

User fdmillion's answer requires a Mac that can BIOS boot from an USB drive. The only 2011 Macs which can BIOS boot from an USB drive are the MacBook Air and Mac mini models. No Mac models older that 2011 can BIOS boot from an USB drive.

Staring in 2015 Apple starting omitting BIOS code from the firmware which ended the ability to BIOS boot from any type of drive.

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Apple does not support Boot Camp Assistant installations of Windows 10 on 2011 and earlier iMac models. The exact list of supported Mac models is given below.

The following Mac models support 64-bit versions of Windows 10 when installed using Boot Camp.

If you have one of the models listed below, then you should use the Boot Camp Assistant to install Widows 10.

• MacBook Pro (2012 and later)
• MacBook Air (2012 and later)
• MacBook (2015 and later)
• iMac (2012 and later)
• Mac mini (2012 and later)
• Mac mini Server (Late 2012)
• Mac Pro (Late 2013)

I have read where others have successfully used the Boot Camp Assistant to create a Windows flash drive installer. This was accomplished by first editing a .plist file contained within the Boot Camp Assistant software. I have the following problems with doing this.

• The Boot Camp Assistant software has to be hacked in order to create the Windows installer.
• The resulting flash drive installer defaults to a Windows installation that uses the EFI boot method. Apple did not officially start supporting this method of booting Windows until after the 2011 model year. I have always assumed the Windows Support Software, supplied by Apple for my Mac, was designed only for the legacy BIOS boot method of installation.

I have no problems EFI booting the USB Windows installer, but I still want to install Windows to use the BIOS boot method.

Here is what I wish to accomplish.

• Install Windows 10 Pro 64 bit. I have downloaded the latest Windows 10 (Version 21H1) iso file.
• Install Windows 10 into a newly formatted volume. I do not want to first install an earlier version of Windows and then upgrade to Window 10.
• Boot Windows using the legacy BIOS boot method.
• Use only one partition on the first internal drive (disk0) for the Windows files. The single internal disk in my Mac uses a 512 byte sector size.
• Install Windows using the latest version of macOS. Currently, this would be High Sierra (macOS 10.13.6).

I would desire to preform the installation without any of the following.

• No third party software
• No optical (DVD) drive
• No Boot Camp Assistant
• Without disabling System Integrity Protection (SIP).

I would prefer not having to boot to macOS Recovery via the internet, built-in recovery or an USB flash drive macOS installer. But, since macOS Recovery is not a third party tool, I am not opposed to its use.

Answer 1

Installing Windows 10 without DVD or Third Party Tools

Note: This version of my answer uses the 21H1 version of Windows 10. The previous version of this answer, which used the 1709 version of Windows 10, can be found here. Also, if installing the 1903 version of Windows 10, then you should read this question.

This answer applies to Mac models where the following is true.

• An optical drive and/or Windows installation DVD is unavailable. Such cases include when the optical drive has been removed or is broken. Also, when a Windows iso file is available and the Mac has a working optical drive, but no blank DVD can be obtained.
• Windows 10 needs to be installed to boot using the legacy BIOS method. This generally includes Mac models that where shipped with an optical drive.
• Your Mac is capable of 64 bit EFI mode booting from a properly created USB flash drive Windows 10 installer.

  Note: Unless Apple officially supports Windows 10 on your model Mac, there is no documented way of knowing if your Mac can 64 bit EFI boot from a USB flash drive Windows 10 installer. The only way to know is to build such an installer and try booting.

The Windows specifications are given below.

• Edition: Windows 10 Pro
• Processor: 64 bit
• Version: 21H1
• OS Build: 19043.928

The specifications for my iMac (21.5-inch, Mid 2011) are given below.

• Identifier: iMac12,1
• Processor: 2.5 GHz Intel Core i5
• Cores: 4
• Memory: 16 GB
• Graphics: AMD Radeon HD 6750M 512 MB

The macOS is version 10.13.6 (High Sierra).

Below, are the basic steps needed to install Windows 10 for an BIOS boot, when the USB flash drive Windows installer boots in EFI mode.

I have made the following assumptions.

• Apple has not supplied the drivers for a 64 bit Windows 10 installation. A common misconception is that the latest Windows Support Software from Apple should always be used to install Windows 10. This is wrong. Microsoft Windows is designed to use legacy drivers when current drivers are not available or nonexistant. You should use the latest Windows Support Software that Apple has released for your model Mac. I assume this is what you get when the latest Boot Camp Assistant application available for your Mac is used to download the Windows Support Software.

  Note: I actually have a 2007 iMac running Windows 10 Pro 64 bit. The software was installed (from a DVD) on a freshly formatted partition using the Windows Support Software designed for a 32 bit Windows 7 installation.

• Windows will be installed on the primary internal drive. In other words, the drive with the disk identifier of disk0.

  Note: Windows can be installed on drives other than disk0, but this may also require a 500 MB "System Reserved" boot partition on disk0. In any case, the procedure to implement this situation is beyond the scope of this answer.

• Windows will be installed on the 2nd, 3rd or 4th partition of the drive.

  Note: Windows can be installed on partitions greater than the fourth partition. Again, the procedure to implement this situation is beyond the scope of this answer.

Below are the installation steps.

Note: To get a better view of the images shown below, either click on an image or open an image in a new window.

1. Download the latest Windows Support Software for your Mac. For the 2011 iMac, this software can be found at Boot Camp Support Software 5.1.5621. On my Mac, these files were downloaded to the "BootCamp5" folder stored in my "Downloads" folder. This software can also be use with the Mac models given below.

   • MacBook Air (11-inch & 13-inch, Mid 2011)
   • MacBook Air (11-inch & 13-inch, Mid 2012)
   • MacBook Pro (15-inch & 17-inch, Mid 2010)
   • MacBook Pro (13-inch, & 15-inch, Early 2011)
   • MacBook Pro (17-inch, Early 2011)
   • MacBook Pro (13-inch,15-inch & 17-inch Late 2011)
   • MacBook Pro (13-inch & 15-inch, Mid 2012)
   • MacBook Pro (Retina, Mid 2012)
   • MacBook Pro (Retina, 13-inch, Late 2012)
   • MacBook Pro (Retina, 13-inch & 15-inch Early 2013)
   • Mac Pro (Early 2009)
   • Mac Pro (Mid 2010)
   • Mac Pro (Mid 2012)
   • Mac mini (Mid 2011)
   • Mac mini (Late 2012)
   • iMac (27-inch, Mid 2010)
   • iMac (21.5-inch & 27-inch, Mid 2011)
   • iMac (21.5-inch, Late 2011)
   • iMac (21.5-inch & 27-inch, Late 2012)

   Note: The Boot Camp Assistant on my 2011 iMac can be used to download the Window Support Software. Look for the "Action" pulldown on the Boot Camp Assistant menu bar. On my 2011 iMac, these files were downloaded to the "WindowsSupport" folder" stored in my home folder. When installing Windows 10 on my 2011 iMac, this download can be substituted for the Boot Camp Support Software 5.1.5621 download.

2. Create a ExFAT formatted volume labeled "BOOTCAMP" on the 2nd, 3rd or 4th partition of the primary disk. If this volume already exists, then erase the contents.

3. Make sure the drive is using the GPT/MBR hybrid partitioning scheme. See my answer to the question "How to convert a drive from the GPT format to the hybrid GPT/MBR format when using High Sierra (macOS 10.13.2)" for a procedure that accomplishes this task.

   User Semi has noted that the Boot Camp Assistant (BCA) will correctly GPT/MBR hybrid partition the drive. So, you may be able to the the BCA to partition the drive, then use the flash drive to install Windows.

4. Use the Disk Utility application to erase a 16 GB or larger flash drive. Choose the parameters shown in the image below.

   By default, the macOS High Sierra Disk Utility application is set to "Show Only Volumes". To insure the flash drive device presents itself in the Disk Utility sidebar, you should set the Disk Utility to "Show All Devices". This can be accomplished by selecting Show All Devices from the View menu in the top left corner of the Disk Utility window.

   

5. Mount the Windows iso file. In my case, the label "CCCOMA_X64FRE_EN-US_DV9" was used to identify the mounted Windows iso file. If you encountered a different label, then make the appropriate modifications to the instructions given in the rest of this step.

   Use the Finder application to perform the following operations.

   • Copy the contents of the mounted Windows iso file to the volume in the Windows partition. The mounted Windows iso file is the "CCCOMA_X64FRE_EN-US_DV9" volume and the Windows partition contains the "BOOTCAMP" volume.

   • Copy the contents of the mounted Windows iso file to the flash drive. The mounted Windows iso file is the "CCCOMA_X64FRE_EN-US_DV9" volume and the flash drive is the "WINSTALL" volume.

   • Copy the Boot Camp Support Software or the Windows Support Software to the flash drive. On my 2011 iMac, The Boot Camp Support Software was downloaded to the "BootCamp5" folder stored in my "Downloads" folder. The Windows Support Software was downloaded to the "WindowsSupport" folder stored in my home folder. The flash drive is the "WINSTALL" volume.

   The image below shows the contents of the "BOOTCAMP" volume.

   

   The image below shows the contents of the "WINSTALL" volume.

   

6. Next, you need to boot from the flash drive. Hold down the option key immediately after restarting your Mac. Release the option key when the Startup Manager window appears. Select the yellow USB external drive icon labeled "EFI boot". Next, select the arrow below the "EFI boot" label.

7. When a window similar to the one show below appears, open a Windows Command Prompt window by pressing shift+F10.

   

   The result should be similar to the image shown below.

   

8. Use the commands diskpart and bootsect to make the "BOOTCAMP" volume BIOS bootable. The commands you need to enter are given below.

   Note: Sometimes the diskpart command can take a while to produce the first prompt. Be patient.

   diskpart
   list disk
   

   You should see output similar to what is shown below. If there is a * character in the Gpt column for the Disk 0 entry, then you have not successfully converted the internal drive to use the GPT/MBR hybrid partitioning scheme, as described in step 3. If there is a * character in the Gpt column for the Disk 1 entry, then you did not select "Master Boot Record" as the scheme in step 4.

     Disk ###  Status         Size     Free     Dyn  Gpt
     --------  -------------  -------  -------  ---  ---
     Disk 0    Online          565 GB      0 B
     Disk 1    Online           14 GB      0 B
     Disk 2    No Media          0 B       0 B
   

   If no * characters appear in the Gpt column, then proceed and enter the command given below.

   list volume
   

   From the output of the command list volume, determine the number (###) for the volume with the Label "BOOTCAMP". Also, determine the drive letter (Ltr) for this volume. In this example, I will assume the number is 1 and the letter is C. Your number and letter could be different. The next command selects this volume. If you determined a different number for the "BOOTCAMP" volume, then make the appropriate substitution.

   select  volume  1
   

   The next sequence of commands mark the volume active (bootable) and then quit diskpart.

   active
   exit
   

   The next command writes the boot code to the MBR and the "BOOTCAMP" volume. If you determined a different drive letter for the "BOOTCAMP" volume, then make the appropriate substitution.

   bootsect  /nt60  C:  /mbr
   

9. You need to finish the installation of Windows 10. Enter the command shown below to quit the Windows Command Prompt window.

   exit
   

   Press Escape or click the red X button to close the Windows installer. If the popup shown below appears, then click on the Yes button. Immediately, hold down the option key while the Mac restarts. Release the option key when the Startup Manager window appears.

   

10. Select the internal drive icon labeled "Windows". Next, hold down the control key while choosing the circular arrow below the "Windows" label.

11. Continue with the installation of Windows 10. When asked: "Where do you want to install Windows?", proceed as follows. First select the "BOOTCAMP" partition. Next, click on the Format button, then the OK button. Finally, click on the Next button.

12. Proceed until you reach the screen where you are prompted for your region. For the 21H1 version (OS build 19043.928) of Windows 10, your the screen will appear as shown below.

    

    For other versions of Windows 10, the screen could appear different. As an example, the screen, for the 1507 version (OS build 10240) of Windows 10, would appear as shown below.

    

    Note: At this point, prohibiting your Mac access to the internet is generally a good idea. For example, unplug any ethernet cables or disable Wi-Fi access that does not require encryption.

    Next, press the control+shift+F3 keys to restart Windows 10 in Audit mode. If you are using a wireless keyboard, then you may have to utilize the On-Screen Keyboard. See Ease of access on the lower left of the screen.

    Note: An unusually long amount of time must pass before the Boot Camp installer and/or desktop appears.

13. If the Boot Camp installer automatically launches, then your screen should appear similar to the image shown below.

    

    If this does not occur, use the Windows File Explorer to open the Boot Camp installer application named "Setup".

    Note: If you use the Windows File Explorer to open the "Setup" application, then you might have to select "Run as administrator".

This application can be found in the "BootCamp" folder on the "WINSTALL" drive. Install Boot Camp by following the displayed steps. After the installer application completes, allow the computer to restart.

14. You will return to the Administrator's desktop. If you are using a wireless keyboard, check to see if the keyboard is paired with the Mac. If not, then add the wireless keyboard to the existing Bluetooth devices.

    Note: When pairing my Apple wireless keyboard, I needed to hold down the power button on the keyboard before trying to add the device. I released the button, when the keyboard was discovered by the Mac.

15. If you prohibited your Mac access to the internet in an earlier step, you will now want to allow access. In other words, plug in the ethernet cable or connect by Wi-Fi.

16. Run the Apple Software Update application and install all updates.

    Note: When first executing "Apple Software Update" you may be asked to update "Apple Software Update" itself. If you happens, you should uncheck all other updates and just update "Apple Software Update". Otherwise, you may get an error message saying another update can not be installed. I my case, there were two updates of the "Apple Software Update" to download and install.

17. (Optional) Download and install Windows updates, including perhaps any optional updates. You may want to skip this step for now if you believe the updates will be large in number and/or size. However, skipping this step may result in some hardware drivers not being updated.

    Note: If the Restart now button appears while downloading and installing updates, then this button should not be selected until all displayed updates have finished installing or reached a status of "Pending restart".

18. From the Windows Start menu, select to restart the Mac. You will return to the Administrator's desktop. If the "System Preparation Tool" window is not displayed, then open the sysprep executable application found within the C:\Windows\System32\Sysprep folder. In this window, select "Shutdown" under the "Shutdown options", as shown below.

    Note: Your screen may also include a window titled "Boot Camp", which can be ignored.

    

    Next, select "OK" to shutdown the Mac. At this point, you have completed the installation of Windows 10.

    Next time you turn on your Mac, Windows will start in the "Out of the Box Experience" mode. This is basically the way a newly purchased PC starts up, when Windows 10 is already installed.

    Note: When asked, be sure to select an Apple keyboard.

If asked, I can clarify any of the above steps.

Additional Notes

• When the window below appeared, I clicked on the Go button.

  

  Next, I check off Enable AMD Video Quality features in supported video player applications, as shown below.

  

  Finally, I clicked on the Apply button, then closed the window.

• This problem occurred when using a wireless keyboard and mouse. The Device Manager window is shown below. Here, there appears to be problem with a Bluetooth HID device. I am not sure, but I believe this device is not needed.

  

  This same device appears under on the "Bluetooth & other devices" under "Settings", as shown below.

  

  I clicked on the device to make the Remove device button appear, as shown below.

  

  I removed the device.

• This next problem did not occur when I installed Windows 10 using the above instructions, but has occurred during previous Windows 10 installations. While answering questions, the message below appeared with the error code OOBEIDPS.

  Something went wrong – But you can try again

  According to the Microsoft website Windows-based computer hangs during OOBE setup tasks, the solution is to do the following.

  To resolve this issue, disconnect from the Internet. After you've completed all the steps in the OOBE, reconnect to the Internet.

Answer 2

I just came across this same issue when trying to repurpose my old MacBook Air 2011. I experienced a known issue whereas when you install Windows in UEFI mode, the Intel video drivers will crash the system - they'll black out the screen, and if you force a reboot, you'll get stuck at the Windows logo and boot never completes. I gather it's something to do with Apple's UEFI implementation. The solution is to load Windows in BIOS mode.

The problem is I'd already wiped MacOS from the machine, and had no intention to reinstall it, not to mention I want the entire drive to be Windows. The solution is to use Rufus on Windows to create your Windows install USB, and brigadier to download the Boot Camp support software and drivers. You can do all of this from a Windows machine.

1. Acquire a Windows 10 64-bit ISO image.

2. Using a USB drive of minimum 8GB in size, write the image using Rufus to the drive in MBR mode. You should be able to leave the other options alone.

3. Use Brigadier to download the correct Boot Camp software for your machine. You can use EveryMac or any similar database to find out the exact Mac model number, and pass that to Brigadier, e.g. brigadier -m MacBookAir4,2.

4. Put the downloaded Boot Camp software on the USB drive so you have easy access to it after installing.

5. Put the USB drive in your Mac and boot up while holding down Option. You should see a gold USB drive icon with "Windows" below it if this worked correctly. Hold down Ctrl and click the circle below the USB device icon.

6. Install Windows. You should not need to pre-partition the drive at all, you should in fact be able to just let Windows partition the drive for you as usual, since Windows will detect that you booted from legacy BIOS mode and should create an MBR partition table for you. However, if you want to clean off anything on the drive, you can use diskpart to clean the physical drive's partition table (hit Shift+F10 as soon as the installer boots to get a command prompt).

7. After the files are copied and the machine reboots, go through the initial setup as usual. You might notice your screen is running in a lower-res mode - this is a good thing, because it means you're actually running in BIOS mode.

8. Install drivers. So far, I'm stuck against a wall with the "Your computer must be running Windows 7" error, even after setting compatibility mode on the Boot Camp installer. I haven't figured this part out yet, but I can manually install drivers from the Boot Camp folder as necessary.

At least for me, this seems to have eliminated the problem of the display drivers crashing the system, and I can just use the ones from Windows Update without any issue.

Hope this helps someone!

EDIT: I did find a method for resolving the Boot Camp installation issue. I'm working on documenting it, but it involves using Microsoft's Orca (download linkeditor) to edit the BootCamp64.msi file to allow it to install on a later version. In short, in LaunchConditions, change the version from "NTVersion=601" to "NTVersion>=601". With that, I was able to install the full Boot Camp suite, including the control panel. Everything works except that I don't get the OSD displays for changing volume and such, but I do get the Apple volume change clicks. Also, brightness doesn't work, but I am able to adjust it in Display settings, so it's just that the brightness keys aren't reaching the OS. You could maybe use Autohotkey or something to substitute some other keys, or maybe even the actual brightness keys themselves, as brightness keys. (I'll update this post with a link to the docs once I finish testing and experimenting to make sure it works.)