Update: I was mistaken about the hard drive size, there was no corruption of the disk nor a mistake in the displayed size.
This is a question of many parts. The gist is captured by the title: I mounted using target disk mode and the capacity (of what should be a 160.04 gb drive) is 60.01 gb. The question is, how is this possible?
I tried to wipe the drive of an old MacBook and install Lubuntu. The install itself failed because I'd accidentally corrupted the boot disk, leaving me with a non-functional laptop. In order to solve the problem, I decided to clone a functional MacBook drive onto it, then start over with a new boot disk. (A clean install without an OS was not working, I'm hoping this will)
I did do a web search, I found someone with a similar issue who was mounting because they had hard drive problems. I did not have hard drive problems to begin with, does this indicate that I do now? If so, what about a bad install would decrease the capacity of a hard drive? How does it actually decrease the capacity of an HDD?
EDIT: some terminal output
admin$ diskutil list
/dev/disk0
#: TYPE NAME SIZE IDENTIFIER
0: GUID_partition_scheme *160.0 GB disk0
1: EFI 209.7 MB disk0s1
2: Apple_HFS Macintosh HD 159.7 GB disk0s2
/dev/disk1
#: TYPE NAME SIZE IDENTIFIER
0: GUID_partition_scheme *60.0 GB disk1
1: EFI 209.7 MB disk1s1
2: Apple_HFS Macintosh HD 59.7 GB disk1s2
admin$ sudo gpt -r show disk1
start size index contents
0 1 PMBR
1 1 Pri GPT header
2 32 Pri GPT table
34 6
40 409600 1 GPT part - C12A7328-F81F-11D2-BA4B-00A0C93EC93B
409640 116538416 2 GPT part - 48465300-0000-11AA-AA11-00306543ECAC
116948056 262151
117210207 32 Sec GPT table
117210239 1 Sec GPT header
diskutil list
andsudo gpt -r show diskX
(with diskX: the disk identifier of the target mode MB e.g disk2) entered in Terminal to your question. Edit the result into your question instead of posting a comment!