I have reviewed the askdifferent question here: "This Apple ID is valid but is not an iCloud account" - I hate to open a new question on this topic, but none of the answers or suggestions have worked for me.
I can login to iCloud.com using the ID and can access mail, etc. with no problems. I have tried logging into iCloud in System Preferences and I get the error in the title. I have tried adding the iCloud ID to the user in "Users and Groups" and also without the iCloud ID there and I get the same error. I have rebooted multiple times. I have applied all available security updates to the system.
I have run out of things to try... System information is shown below.
EtreCheck version: 3.0.6 (315)
Report generated 2016-10-26 10:54:44
Download EtreCheck from https://etrecheck.com
Runtime 9:19
Performance: Below Average
Click the [Support] links for help with non-Apple products.
Click the [Details] links for more information about that line.
Problem: Other problem
Hardware Information: ⓘ
MacBook Pro (17-inch, 2.4GHZ)
[Technical Specifications] - [User Guide] - [Warranty & Service]
MacBook Pro - model: MacBookPro3,1
1 2.6 GHz Intel Core 2 Duo CPU: 2-core
4 GB RAM Upgradeable - [Instructions]
BANK 0/DIMM0
2 GB DDR2 SDRAM 667 MHz ok
BANK 1/DIMM1
2 GB DDR2 SDRAM 667 MHz ok
Bluetooth: Old - Handoff/Airdrop2 not supported
Wireless: en1: 802.11 a/b/g/n
Battery: Health = Check Battery - Cycle count = 111
Video Information: ⓘ
GeForce 8600M GT - VRAM: 256 MB
Color LCD 1152 x 720
System Software: ⓘ
OS X Mavericks 10.9.5 (13F1911) - Time since boot: less than an hour
Disk Information: ⓘ
Hitachi HTS722020K9SA00 disk0 : (200.05 GB) (Rotational)
EFI (disk0s1) <not mounted> : 210 MB
Macintosh HD (disk0s2) / [Startup]: 199.06 GB (134.61 GB free)
Recovery HD (disk0s3) <not mounted> [Recovery]: 650 MB
USB Information: ⓘ
Apple Inc. Built-in iSight
Apple Inc. Bluetooth USB Host Controller
Logitech USB Receiver
Apple Computer Apple Internal Keyboard / Trackpad
Apple Computer, Inc. IR Receiver
Gatekeeper: ⓘ
Mac App Store and identified developers
Kernel Extensions: ⓘ
/System/Library/Extensions
[loaded] com.Logitech.Control Center.HID Driver (3.6.0 - SDK 10.6 - 2016-10-26) [Support]
[loaded] com.Logitech.Unifying.HID Driver (1.2.0 - SDK 10.6 - 2016-10-26) [Support]
System Launch Agents: ⓘ
[loaded] com.apple.coremedia.videodecoder.plist (2010-10-21)
[not loaded] 5 Apple tasks
[loaded] 143 Apple tasks
[running] 36 Apple tasks
System Launch Daemons: ⓘ
[failed] com.apple.DumpPanic.plist (2013-10-27)
[not loaded] 50 Apple tasks
[loaded] 137 Apple tasks
[running] 60 Apple tasks
Launch Agents: ⓘ
[running] com.Logitech.Control Center.Daemon.plist (2012-05-24) [Support]
[loaded] com.google.keystone.agent.plist (2016-07-11) [Support]
[running] com.micromat.TechToolProAgent.plist (2014-07-10) [Support]
[loaded] com.oracle.java.Java-Updater.plist (2013-06-18) [Support]
[loaded] com.p5sys.jump.connect.agent.plist (2016-10-25) [Support]
Launch Daemons: ⓘ
[loaded] com.adobe.fpsaud.plist (2016-09-23) [Support]
[loaded] com.google.keystone.daemon.plist (2016-08-31) [Support]
[running] com.micromat.TechToolProDaemon.plist (2014-07-10) [Support]
[loaded] com.oracle.java.Helper-Tool.plist (2013-06-18) [Support]
[running] com.p5sys.jump.connect.service.plist (2016-10-25) [Support]
User Launch Agents: ⓘ
[loaded] com.apple.AddressBook.ScheduledSync.PHXCardDAVSource.9169C628-3317-4620-AA58-0054BCCE8809.plist (2012-07-18)
User Login Items: ⓘ
Dropbox Application (/Applications/Dropbox.app)
Internet Plug-ins: ⓘ
Flip4Mac WMV Plugin: 2.4.0.11 (2011-12-13) [Support]
FlashPlayer-10.6: 23.0.0.185 - SDK 10.9 (2016-10-11) [Support]
QuickTime Plugin: 7.7.3 (2016-10-26)
Flash Player: 23.0.0.185 - SDK 10.9 (2016-10-11) Outdated! Update
Java Applet: Unknown (2011-08-11)
Default Browser: 537 - SDK 10.9 (2014-10-02)
LogitechDeviceDetection: 1.0.0.76 - SDK 10.7 (2012-04-07) [Support]
Loki: 3.4.2.20 (2011-08-11) [Support]
Google Earth Web Plug-in: 7.1 (2015-07-24) [Support]
Silverlight: 4.0.60531.0 (2011-12-13) [Support]
JavaAppletPlugin: Java 8 Update 111 build 14 (2016-10-23) Check version
Safari Extensions: ⓘ
jbsearch - jbsearch - http://www.yahoo.com (2015-04-05)
3rd Party Preference Panes: ⓘ
Flash Player (2016-09-23) [Support]
Flip4Mac WMV (2011-06-30) [Support]
Java (2016-10-23) [Support]
Logitech Control Center (2012-09-20) [Support]
TechTool Protection (2014-07-10) [Support]
Time Machine: ⓘ
Skip System Files: NO
Mobile backups: OFF
Auto backup: NO - Auto backup turned off
Volumes being backed up:
Macintosh HD: Disk size: 199.06 GB Disk used: 64.44 GB
Destinations:
Big 500 [Local]
Total size: 499.74 GB
Total number of backups: 2
Oldest backup: 11/5/12, 1:01 AM
Last backup: 11/5/12, 1:01 AM
Size of backup disk: Adequate
Backup size 499.74 GB > (Disk used 64.44 GB X 3)
Top Processes by CPU: ⓘ
34% mdworker(4)
20% JumpConnect(2)
3% WindowServer
2% Dropbox
1% fontd(2)
Top Processes by Memory: ⓘ
172 MB Dropbox
147 MB mds_stores
119 MB com.apple.WebKit.WebContent
90 MB JumpConnect(2)
86 MB ocspd
Virtual Memory Information: ⓘ
0 B Free RAM
0 B Used RAM (1.83 GB Cached)
0 B Swap Used
Diagnostics Information: ⓘ
Oct 26, 2016, 10:29:08 AM Self test - passed
Oct 25, 2016, 06:34:46 PM /Library/Logs/DiagnosticReports/powerd_2016-10-25-183446_[redacted].crash
/System/Library/CoreServices/powerd.bundle/powerd
Oct 24, 2016, 06:01:17 PM /Library/Logs/DiagnosticReports/powerd_2016-10-24-180117_[redacted].crash
Oct 24, 2016, 05:45:06 PM /Library/Logs/DiagnosticReports/powerd_2016-10-24-174506_[redacted].crash
Oct 23, 2016, 06:33:43 PM /Library/Logs/DiagnosticReports/powerd_2016-10-23-183343_[redacted].crash
Oct 23, 2016, 06:10:16 PM /Library/Logs/DiagnosticReports/powerd_2016-10-23-181016_[redacted].crash