Funny thing, I just used this feature on an old G4 machine running Mac OS 10.3.9 and was wondering where it went on Mac OS 11... I stumbled on this old question while searching and finally, an answer can be provided.
Turns out it is still there, only hidden: https://support.apple.com/en-gb/guide/mac-help/mchl98b9beb6/12.0/mac/12.0#mchl040cfb2c
To reactivate it you need to enable legacy network modes:
- On your Mac, choose Apple menu > System Preferences, then click Network .
- In the service list on the left, select Wi-Fi, then click Advanced.
- Select the “Show legacy networks and options” tickbox.
- Click OK, then click Apply.
You then can:
- Click the Wi-Fi status icon in the menu bar, then choose Create Network.
- Enter a name and choose a channel for your network.
- Click Create.
You now have an ad hoc wifi network. Unfortunately, this network has no security settings, which I suppose is the reason why this feature was hidden.
Unfortunately, connecting an android device to an ad hoc network is not always straight forward. On some models it just works, on some you need to root android and change the WPA supplicant: http://forum.xda-developers.com/showthread.php?t=1591207 As this point is not explicitly requested in the question, I will leave the interested reader to follow the link.