While I don't know of a way to add this to the list of messages, you can have it displayed automatically when you open the message by using custom header display in the display panel of preferences.

See the section on "Show message headers" at: https://support.apple.com/guide/mail/change-viewing-settings-cpmlprefview/mac

Adding "Return-Path" in a custom header leaves the sender/subject/to as usually displayed, then shows the email address.

While I don't know of a way to add this to the list of messages, you can have it displayed automatically when you open the message by using custom header display in the display pane of preferences.

See the section on "Show message headers" at: https://support.apple.com/guide/mail/change-viewing-settings-cpmlprefview/mac

Adding "Return-Path" in a custom header leaves the sender/subject/to as usually displayed, then shows the email address. Thanks to your question, I've changed my setup.