Yes you can. I've used this to recover data from an old Macbook 2.5"Pro hard disk when I couldn't boot the computer itself using a SATA-to-USB caddy.
Once the old drive is attached, first you need to locate the .sparsebundle
file containing your encrypted home directory on your old hard disk. This lives in a hidden folder
/Users/.<username>/<username>.sparsebundle
in my case this would be
/Users/.binarybob/binarybob.sparsebundle
Once you've found this, you can mount it using the terminal with
hdiutil attach binarybob.sparsebundle
You will be prompted for your password you used to encrypt the drive. Once you've entered it correctly, your home directory will be mounted and visible as a drive from the Finder (and rooted at /Volumes/binarybob
)